一种全发酵复合果酒的酿造工艺研究

[目的]为陕西省苹果资源的开发利用提供新的途径。[方法]以新鲜苹果、梨为原料,研究全发酵苹果、梨复合果酒的最佳酿造工艺。[结果]初汁(苹果汁、梨汁)的配比、酵母的添加量、发酵温度S、O2的添加量均会影响全发酵苹果、梨复合果酒的品质。苹果、梨复合酒的最佳酿造工艺为:苹果汁、梨汁的配比为2∶1,SO2的添加量为40 mg/L,可溶性固形物(SSC)调至20°Bx,酵母菌的接种量为0.9 g/L,前发酵温度为20℃,发酵10 d,后发酵温度为15~18℃,发酵30 d。[结论]在最佳工艺条件下酿造出的苹果、梨复合果酒,口味纯正柔和、果香浓郁、色泽鲜亮、营养丰富,具有典型的果香和酒香,值得重点推广。     

牛粪堆肥高效降解菌的筛选及复合微生物菌剂的制备

[目的]确定最佳菌种复配比例。[方法]从牦牛粪自然堆肥中筛选菌株。以新鲜牛粪和稻壳粉为堆肥原料,以不加复合菌剂的处理为对照,将不同复合微生物菌剂以3‰的总接种量接入到堆肥中,观察不同处理对堆肥腐熟过程的影响。[结果]牦牛粪自然堆肥中的绿色木霉和米曲霉的生长速率和活性较高。绿色木霉∶米曲霉∶枯草芽孢杆菌∶假单胞菌=2∶2∶1∶1的处理,发酵过程中升温最快、温度最高。温度升高到55℃仅用6 d,高温维持8 d,最高温度为65.5℃。堆肥腐熟后,植物种子发芽指数为92.3%。[结论]复合微生物菌剂的最佳比例为绿色木霉∶米曲霉∶枯草芽孢杆菌∶假单胞菌=2∶2∶1∶1。     

Competitive interactions between juvenile trembling aspen and lodgepole pine: A comparison of two interior British Columbia ecosystems

To facilitate ecosystem-specific management of juvenile mixtures of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. Ex Loud. Var. latifolia Engelm.) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in south-central British Columbia, we compared the characteristics of pine–aspen competition between a moist sub-boreal spruce and a dry interior Douglas-fir ecosystem. A total of 252 lodgepole pine and their neighbourhoods were examined across four untreated stands, each of which was sampled three times between ages 12 and 24 years. Pine diameter and height decreased with increasing density of trembling aspen at least as tall as the target pine (tall aspen) in both ecosystems. Regression analysis was used to examine the ability of tall aspen density and four competition indices (CIs) to predict pine size. Tall aspen density, which is easily assessed in the field, accounted for 63% and 69% of the variation in pine diameter and height in 20–24 year-old stands, respectively. The most successful competition index, based on the basal diameter ratio (BDR) of trembling aspen to pine accounted for, respectively, 78% and 73% of the variation. In the same stands, R² values were 1–5% lower when tall aspen density and BDR at age 15–19 years were used to predict size of 20–24-year-old pine.     

造纸黑液复合肥在水稻上的施用效果

试验结果表明 ,施用造纸黑液复合肥可促进水稻生长 ,提高水稻产量和品质 ,增加稻田土壤肥力     

复合酶提取法对浒苔(Enteromorpha sp.)膳食纤维吸附能力的影响

针对丰富的浒苔资源还未得到有效利用的现状,以浒苔为原料,采用复合酶提取法制备浒苔膳食纤维。浒苔在55℃、pH=7.7的条件下,由不同比例的蛋白酶和纤维素酶(5:1、10:1、15:1、20:1和25:1)配制的复合酶进行酶解,提取膳食纤维,测定不同提取条件得到的浒苔膳食纤维在模拟体内的环境下(pH=2.0和pH=7.0)吸附葡萄糖、胆固醇和亚硝酸盐的能力。结果显示,随着复合酶中蛋白酶比例的升高,膳食纤维对葡萄糖和胆固醇的吸附能力先增强后减弱。在蛋白酶∶纤维素酶的比例为10:1时,膳食纤维对葡萄糖的最大吸附值为20.03 mg/g;在蛋白酶∶纤维素酶比例为15:1时,膳食纤维对胆固醇的最大吸附值为21.93 mg/g。而浒苔膳食纤维吸附亚硝酸的能力则随着复合酶中蛋白酶比例的升高而逐渐增强,在蛋白酶∶纤维素酶比例为25:1时,浒苔膳食纤维对亚硝酸盐达到最大吸附值29.25 µmol/g。在人工肠液中(pH=7.0),膳食纤维对胆固醇的吸附能力较强;在人工胃液中(pH=2.0),膳食纤维对亚硝酸盐的吸附能力较强;膳食纤维对葡萄糖的吸附能力在人工肠、胃液中无显著差异(P>0.05)。推测膳食纤维对亚硝酸盐的吸附主要发生在胃部,对胆固醇的吸附主要发生在肠部,而膳食纤维对葡萄糖的吸附在胃部和肠部同时进行,是一个持续的吸附过程。     

Congenital stationary night blindness is associated with the leopard complex in the Miniature Horse

Objective To determine if congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) exists in the miniature horse in association with leopard complex spotting patterns (LP), and to investigate if CSNB in the miniature horse is associated with three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the region of TRPM1 that are highly associated with CSNB and LP in Appaloosas. Animals studied Three groups of miniature horses were studied based on coat patterns suggestive of LP/LP (n = 3), LP/lp (n = 4), and lp/lp genotype (n = 4). Procedures Horses were categorized based on phenotype as well as pedigree analysis as LP/LP, LP/lp, and lp/lp. Neurophthalmic examination, slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and scotopic flash electroretinography were performed on all horses. Hair samples were processed for DNA analysis. Three SNPs identified and associated with LP and CSNB in the Appaloosa were investigated for association with LP and CSNB in these Miniature horses. Results All horses in the LP/LP group were affected by CSNB, while none in the LP/lp or lp/lp groups were affected. All three SNPs were completely associated with LP genotype (χ² = 22, P << 0.0005) and CSNB status (χ² = 11, P < 0.0005). Conclusions The Miniature Horse breed is affected by CSNB and it appears to be associated with LP as in the Appaloosa breed. The SNPs tested could be used as a DNA test for CSNB until the causative mutation is determined.     

四种草地早熟禾抗盐碱生理生化特性的研究

对北方草坪建植中常用的四个草地早熟禾（Poa Pratensis）品种进行了萌发期及苗期耐盐碱能力的比较研究。结果表明：低浓度混合盐碱处理对草地早熟禾的萌发和生长起到促进作用；随混合盐碱浓度的升高草地早熟禾的发芽率和生长受到明显的抑制，且对胚根生长的抑制作用强于胚芽；对幼苗进行混合盐碱胁迫发现，低浓度盐碱胁迫使SOD、CAT和POD的活性以及游离脯氨酸含量均升高，且在中等浓度下达到最高值，高浓度处理则开始下降；随着盐碱处理浓度的增大，MDA的含量也在缓慢增加。综合分析表明，四个草地早熟禾品种耐盐碱能力依次为：午夜>巴林>巴润>优异。     

Cd与羧基化多壁碳纳米管复合胁迫下蚕豆幼苗Cd的富集与分布

纳米材料因大量开发、生产和应用不可避免地被释放到环境中,给生态环境和人体健康带来潜在的风险。因此为了探究羧基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-COOH)和重金属Cd双重胁迫对植物器官中Cd的富集、转运及细胞中Cd分布的影响,以及为MWCNTs-COOH与Cd复合污染对植物的毒性和生态风险性评价提供理论依据,本研究以蚕豆幼苗为试验材料,采用水培方式,设置MWCNTs-COOH(0mg·L~(-1)、1.5mg·L~(-1)、3.0mg·L~(-1)、6.0 mg·L~(-1)、12.0 mg·L~(-1))+10.0μmol·L~(-1) Cd5个处理组,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定不同处理下蚕豆幼苗根茎叶及细胞中Cd的含量,分析MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd处理下蚕豆幼苗营养器官对Cd的富集、转运及细胞内分布状况。结果表明:复合胁迫下,3种营养器官Cd含量均高于对照;根茎叶对Cd的富集、Cd富集系数及器官间(根-茎、茎-叶)的转移系数均随MWCNTs-COOH浓度升高呈先升高后降低趋势,当MWCNTs-COOH浓度为6.0 mg·L~(-1)时,以上指标均达到最大值。同时,随着MWCNTs-COOH浓度的增大,根茎叶细胞中Cd逐渐从细胞壁向原生质体转移,加深了对细胞的毒害。综上所述,中低浓度的MWCNTs-COOH不仅可促进蚕豆根茎叶对Cd的累积及向上转运,而且也能加强细胞中Cd的转移。     

复杂条件下农产品配装问题研究

结合现实中存在问题,提出货物寻车模型,再利用层次分析法求解;确定车辆后再结合农产品特性,提出考虑农产品优先系数的货物装车模型,并设计了该模型的二阶段求解,很好地解决了复杂条件下农产品配装的问题。